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Summary of indicators and normative requirements:
- Owners’ disclosure: media outlets disclose their direct and beneficial owners in their publications or websites
- Clarity of legal structure: legal structures allow to identify individuals and/or families that control news media (in contrast to structures that seek to hide actual owners, such as private foundations and family investment funds)
- Contested ownership: there is no relevant contestation of ownership relations in the media sample (e.g., no legal owners as “straw men”)
Summary of indicators and normative requirements:
- CEO’s disclosure: CEOs (or economic managers) disclosed in the publication or website of media outlets
- Editor’s disclosure: editors-in-chief diclosed in the publication or website of media outlets
- Editorial independence: absence of breaches of editorial independence by owners, advertisers, and economic managers
- Independence of council: absence of media owners (or lack of voting rights) in media councils
Summary of indicators and normative requirements:
- Disclosure of audience figures: public availability of audience figures (circulation, broadcasting audience or webpage visits)
- Disclosure of public subsidies: availability of data about public subsidies to media outlets
- Disclosure of public advertising: availability of data about public advertising in media outlets
- Non-media ownership: no media outlet with owners in a non-media business
Summary of indicators and normative requirements:
- Independence from affiliations: no media outlets affiliated to external institutions (political party, church, interest group)
- Affiliations’ disclosure: if existing, disclosure about affiliation to external institutions (political party, church, interest group) in the publication or website of media outlets. Media with no reported affiliation count here as fully transparent
- Political relations: no politically exposed persons (PEPs) in leading positions of media outlets
- Related persons: no media owners have related persons (spouse, parent, sibling, child) in politics
Summary of indicators and normative requirements:
- Print distribution: high reach and no discrimination
- Radio distribution: high infrastructure diversity and competition
- TV distribution: high infrastructure diversity and competition
- Internet distribution: high connectivity and competition
- Distribution-production ownership: no ownership relations between media distributors and outlets
- Net neutrality: high compliance and no recidivism
- Content curation: disclosure of content curation criteria by digital intermediaries in the content area or one-click away from the content area
- Commercial agreements: digital intermediaries reject the influence of commercial agreements in their content curation or promise to always label it
Summary of indicators and normative requirements:
- AVMSD implementation: national implementation of Art. 5 of the AVMSD
- Sectors coverage: media sectors covered by laws that require disclosure of information regarding direct and beneficial owner(s)
- Level of information: level of information depth required by the national legal framework about media ownership and control
- Update requirements: requirement of periodical updating of ownership information upon change
- Information disclosure request: level of accessibility to information disclosure requests for relevant media ownership data
- State/public funding: obligation to disclose information on media funding provided by state/public institutions
- NRAs for media ownership transparency: existence of national regulatory authorities (NRAs) or other designated bodies responsible for media ownership issues
- Enforcement and sanctions (transparency): enforcement of compliance to the AVMSD or other relevant legislation by NRAs (from monitoring to sanction)
- Anti-concentration provisions: media sectors covered by anti-concentration provisions
- Qualitative and quantitative limits: provisions for media concentration
- NRAs for concentration: existence of NRAs or other designated bodies responsible for the control of ownership concentration issues
- Enforcement and sanctions (concentration): enforcement of limitations of concentration
- Government overrule: role of the governement in anti-concentration decisions taken by NRAs
- Newsroom independence: provisions for ensuring newsroom independence from owners and economic management in editorial issues
- Legal provisions for PSM: provisions for the role of state/government in defining the board of public service media
- Must carry provisions: must-carry rules for content in the public interest or contribute to political, cultural, or geographical diversity
- Provisions for content curation: provisions for transparency of curation criteria, commercial arrangements between digital intermediaries and news providers, and alternatives to standard content curation
- Exposure rules: provisions for exposure of public interest content in content curation (discoverability and prominence) of digital intermediaries
- NRAs for content curation: existence of NRAs or other designated bodies responsible for content curation at the national level
- Enforcement and sanctions (content curation): enforcement of provisions for content curation
